Which change management frameworks are cited in the material?

• A. Kotter, Lewin, and Nadler
• B. Prosci and ADKAR
• C. McKinsey 7S and Lean
• D. Balanced Scorecard

Answer: (A)

The material describes change management through three specific frameworks: Kotter’s eight-step process for leading change, Lewin’s unfreeze–change–refreeze model, and Nadler’s approach to change that emphasizes aligning tasks, people, and structure. Kotter maps out a practical sequence for building urgency, forming a guiding coalition, crafting and communicating a vision, empowering action, generating quick wins, consolidating gains, and anchoring new approaches in the culture. Lewin offers a straightforward view of change as a three-phase cycle: unfreezing current habits, moving to new methods, and refreezing to embed the change. Nadler’s perspective focuses on diagnosing how changes in tasks, people, and formal organizational components interact to affect performance, guiding how to align those elements during transformation. Because the material specifically names these three frameworks, they are the ones referenced in that context. Other options, while well-known in related areas, are not cited in the material here—Prosci and ADKAR, for example, are popular but not the ones mentioned; McKinsey 7S and Lean relate more to organizational design and process improvement, and the Balanced Scorecard centers on performance measurement rather than a change-management framework.